MINIATURES

Karikatur des Papstes und Bismarcks beim Schachspiel: "Zwischen Berlin und Rom" Kulturkampf  Der deutsche Begriff bezieht sich auf die Politik Deutschlands, die Säkularität zu bevorzugen und die Rolle und Macht der römisch-katholischen Kirche in Preußen zu begrenzen. Der Begriff „Kulturkampf“ kam 1873 in Gebrauch, als der Wissenschaftler und preußische liberale Staatsmann , Rudolf Virchow, erklärte, dass der Kampf mit den Katholiken „den Charakter eines großen Kampfes im Interesse der Menschheit“ annehme. In den abschließenden Jahren der Kulturkampf-Turbulenzen unternahm Rizal seine Reise nach Deutschland. Dies brachte ihn in Kontakt mit den liberalen Köpfen Deutschlands und gab der Kirche und den Behörden auf den Philippinen Gründe, seine wahren Aktivitäten in Deutschland zu überprüfen.  Das Kanzelparagraph  Während des Kulturkampfes ging die Reichsregierung des Deutschen Kaiserreichs unter der Führung von Otto von Bismarck gegen Geistliche vor, die ihre Predigten

                       A watchman of Madrid. 1832. Drawing by Juan Carrafa (BNE). I haven't seen yet                                 illustrations or photos of  "Sereno" of Manila. It heightens more curiosities.                    In the acclaimed short story "May Day Eve" by Nick Joaquin, the narrative opens and closes with a watchman's proclamation: "Guardia sereno-o-o! A las doce han dado-o-o!" (This translates to "Night watch! Its twelve midnight!") Joaquin vividly recreates a centuries-old tradition from Spanish Manila, one with roots in medieval Spain: the sereno, a night watchman. This watchman system was a common feature in European medieval towns. Communities within walled cities employed them to patrol the streets and announce the passing hours. Interestingly, the hourly call also served as a rudimentary weather report for medieval farmers. In case of disruptive weather, the sereno's announcement would warn them to take meas

Portuguese Malacca drawing by Pedro Barreto Resende. In the book Livro das Plantas de Todas as Fortalezas, Cidades"  by Antonio Bacaro, Goa 1635                   "Whoever is lord of Malacca has his hand on the throat of Venice" .-The famous line of the 16th-century Portuguese chronicler Tome Pires highlighting the importance of Malacca (part of Malaysia) to the Spice trade. But long before the arrival of European maritime powers Portugal and Spain in Southeast Asia, spices were already making its wa y to Europe. From the fabled Spice Islands in the Moluccas (part of Indonesia), Malay and Chinese traders would navigate the dangerous seas to bring the commodities to different ports of the region.  From Malacca, Arab and Indian traders set the prices and take the goods,  crossing the waters of the Indian subcontinent and then heading towards important ports of Arabia where caravans would then take the land routes towards the Levant ports. The merchant ships of Venice would

"When the people launched the war, I believed it was my duty to be by their side and help them in their struggle to the end; now that they feel they have lost the strength to continue fighting for their rights, I believe I ought to be by their side, to tell them that they should not despair but that they should have confidence in themselves, injustice, and in the future." ~ Apolinario Mabini One sure thing can be said about Mabini: he indeed had a hard life. Born poor, his family struggled to secure him a good education. His biographer vividly describes this as a "chronic lack of financial means." Paralyzed by adult polio at the age of 32, he had to live with the constant stigma that disability brings. But his brilliant mind was his true gift, and he gave the new republic not only its legal foundations but also its moral and intellectual direction. Mabini also entertained the idea of a greater Malayan confederacy and the emancipation of colonized people. He was a ma

Contemplating upon Spoliarium Definitions The Latin word "Spoliarium" refers to a holding area in the Roman Colosseum where the corpses of fallen gladiators were brought. If a gladiator met his death in the arena, a ceremony would begin in which a man dressed like Charon would claim the body. The gladiator's weapons, like his "gladius" (meaning sword, hence the term "gladiator"), would be gathered or collected. A group of Roman slaves or workers would then come in to collect the corpse. They would drag the body from the sandy arena using chains and a large hook attached to the carcass. However, if it was a legendary gladiator, they would carry him on a stretcher, entering through a gate appropriately called the "Porta Libintinaria" (or the entrance of Libitina). Libitina is an ancient Roman goddess of funerals and burial. These people who took care of the corpses, or the undertakers, were collectively known as "libitinarii." Today,

                               Migration has always been the fuel of human development. Think about this, if our ancestors, the very first 'Homo Sapiens' did not leave the primordial home Africa, perhaps things would turn out differently, or worse, this branch of human species would have gone into extinction. From the moment Homo Sapiens moved out of that original home, a stunning feat of migrat ion, a new pace of human evolution began. This movement from one place to varied environments had impacted that social skills of thinking, enhancing more than innate quality in him, fashioning tools and weapons, a way to adapt in the ever-changing realities of the surroundings presented to him. (Obviously a reference to Darwinian adaptive evolution). The movement of humans was also a movement of groups, tribes, and communities. From this, migrating tribes developed their own unique signals or calls in hunting, moving, etc., using sounds created by mouths, hands, bodily gestures with obj